Protection and the evil eye: which stones are believed to help, and what science says

Chert and flint

The steel of the Stone Age: a hard silica rock that breaks into razor-sharp edges and throws sparks when struck with steel.

Chert and flint

In Britain and Ireland, prehistoric flint arrowheads found in fields were believed to be arrows shot by fairies (“elf-arrows”) that both caused and cured certain illnesses; they were carried as charms against witchcraft, sometimes set in silver.
In many parts of Europe, prehistoric stone axes and arrowheads turned up in the soil were believed to be “thunderstones” that had fallen from the sky with lightning and that protected a house from lightning strikes.

What science says These objects did not fall from the sky and were not made by fairies; they are tools that Stone Age people knapped from flint and other stones. There is no scientific evidence that an arrowhead cures illness or keeps lightning away.

Halite (rock salt)

Table salt as a mineral: soft, soluble in water, breaking into cubes and lying underground in thick layers.

Halite (rock salt)

In Anatolia, salting a newborn baby (rubbing its body with salt) is believed to prevent sweating and bad smells and to protect the baby from the evil eye.
Spending time in salt caves such as the one in Çankırı (halotherapy) is claimed to help respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and people visit these caves for that purpose.
In Turkish and Slavic folk belief salt protects against the evil eye and ill fortune: new mothers, pregnant women, babies, travellers and hunters were expected to carry a pinch of salt against the evil eye, and in the Rize area salt is dropped into a cow’s milk to keep the evil eye away.
Sellers of salt lamps and “Himalayan salt” products claim that the lamps give off “negative ions”, purify the air and are good for health.

What science says Salting babies is dangerous: in Türkiye, skin burns and dangerously high blood sodium (hypernatraemia) have been reported in salted newborns, and severe hypernatraemia can cause seizures, permanent brain damage and death. Nor has halotherapy been shown in reliable studies to be effective for asthma or COPD; a visit to a salt cave should not replace treatment prescribed by a doctor. Carrying a pinch of salt is a harmless tradition; but salt lamps have not been shown to give off “negative ions” that benefit health.

Apatite

A mineral cousin of our teeth and bones, the source of the phosphorus in fertilisers, and number 5 on the Mohs scale.

Apatite

Today crystal-therapy practitioners claim that apatite, blue apatite in particular, suppresses appetite and helps with weight loss.
The same circles also claim that, because it resembles the mineral in bones and teeth, apatite strengthens bones and teeth.
In Türkiye, crystal-therapy sites and some news sites say that apatite improves learning, memory and motivation to work, and makes communication easier.
The same sources claim that apatite drives away negative energies with its “high-vibration energy” and gives spiritual protection.

What science says The appetite claim most likely grew out of the name’s resemblance to the English word “appetite”, whereas the name actually comes from the Greek for “to deceive”. The calcium and phosphorus that bones and teeth need come from food; wearing or carrying apatite contributes nothing to them. There is no evidence either that apatite improves learning, memory or motivation, or that its “energy” protects anyone.

Olivine

The olive-green mineral that makes up much of Earth’s upper mantle; its clear, gem-quality crystals are called peridot.

Olivine

Ancient and medieval belief held that peridot (chrysolite) set in gold drove away night terrors and nightmares.
Peridot pierced, strung on donkey hair and tied to the left arm was believed to protect against evil spirits and enchantment.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites say that zebercet (peridot, olivine) helps the stomach, bowel, liver and thyroid, cleanses the body of toxins, calms feelings such as jealousy, anger and guilt, and brings abundance.

What science says Peridot's green colour comes from the iron in its structure; there is no evidence that it prevents nightmares or wards off evil. The claims that it helps the stomach, bowel or thyroid, or “cleanses” the body, are equally unproven. If sleep or digestive problems persist, see a doctor.

Pyrite

“Fool’s gold”: the most common sulfide mineral on Earth, looking like gold but far harder, more brittle and lighter.

Pyrite

According to George F. Kunz (1913), some Native North American peoples carried pyrite crystals as amulets, and healers used them in their ceremonies.
In Thai folk belief, especially in the south of the country, pyrite is regarded as a sacred object that wards off evil, black magic and demons.
Today crystal sellers and feng shui practitioners claim that pyrite attracts money and abundance, and recommend placing it in shops and next to cash registers.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that “fool's gold” gives confidence and willpower and boosts energy.

What science says There is no evidence that pyrite brings money, luck or protection; these beliefs probably stem from its bright, gold-like colour. Pyrite should not be soaked in water to make “gem water”: as it decays in moisture it forms sulfuric acid and iron sulfates, and some pyrite contains arsenic. Nor is there any evidence that pyrite gives confidence or energy.

Serpentinite

A green rock patterned like snakeskin: mantle rock transformed by water — and sometimes hiding asbestos.

Serpentinite

According to George F. Kunz (1913), Italian peasants believed that pebbles of green serpentine protected them from the bites of venomous creatures and, laid on a bite, drew out the poison; to work, the stone had to be in its natural state, unshaped by human hands.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that serpentine awakens “kundalini energy”, deepens meditation and eases cramps and digestive complaints.

What science says There is no evidence that serpentine draws out venom; snake and scorpion bites need emergency medical care without delay. Fibrous (asbestos-bearing) serpentine should never be rubbed on wounds or skin, and its dust should not be inhaled. No study shows that serpentine helps cramps or digestion either.

Chalcedony

A waxy-lustred stone made of quartz crystals far too small to see: the family name for agate, onyx and many other ornamental stones.

Chalcedony

According to a Greek lapidary thought to date from the 3rd or 4th century AD, an amulet set with chalcedony together with a red stone was believed to protect sailors from drowning.
In earlier centuries in Europe, chalcedony was believed to drive away ghosts and frightening visions of the night.
Today crystal-therapy practitioners claim that chalcedony, blue chalcedony in particular, is calming and makes communication easier.
In Türkiye, some news sites and crystal-therapy sites say that chalcedony drives away negative energy and gives energy and motivation.
The same sources claim that chalcedony helps with chronic illness, coughs and sleep problems, and eases stress and depression.

What science says Chalcedony is made of chemically inert silica; there is no scientific evidence that it protects people from drowning, nightmares or anxiety, gives energy, or cures chronic illness, coughs, sleeplessness or depression. Depression and chronic illness need medical treatment; medicines should not be replaced by a stone or stopped without consulting a doctor.

Galena

The main ore of lead: a lead-grey, metallic mineral that breaks into little cubes and feels surprisingly heavy in the hand.

Galena

In ancient Egypt, black kohl made from galena was believed to protect the eyes from disease and from the harsh glare of the sun.
In some places, such as Yemen, mothers are reported to have put kohl on their newborns’ eyes in the belief that it strengthened the eyes and protected the baby from the evil eye.
In Turkey the custom of “lead pouring” lives on against the evil eye, sorcery and ill fortune: molten lead is poured into water and the shape it forms is “read”. Lead is the metal smelted from galena.

What science says Melting lead, especially in a closed room, releases toxic lead and antimony fumes; in a study at Ankara University, women who had poured lead for years had raised antimony levels in their blood. Galena is lead sulfide, and lead-based kohl has been documented to raise blood lead levels and cause lead poisoning in children; galena and kohl of unknown composition should therefore never be applied to the eyes, especially not to babies. Galena should never be soaked in drinking water (“gem water”), put in the mouth, or have its dust inhaled.

Hematite

Even when it looks black and metallic, its streak is blood red: one of the world’s most important iron ores.

Hematite

According to Pliny, Azchalias of Babylon believed that hematite carried as an amulet made kings grant petitions and won lawsuits.
Because it is an iron ore, hematite was linked with Mars, the god of war, and rubbing it on the body was believed to protect a warrior in battle.
In ancient Egypt hematite was believed to stop bleeding and reduce inflammation; the Ebers Papyrus recommends it for these purposes.
Today crystal therapy practitioners claim that hematite helps anaemia and that “magnetic hematite” bracelets ease joint pain.
In Turkey, news and crystal therapy websites write that hematite, also sold under the name “kantaşı”, regulates blood circulation and balances blood pressure.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that hematite stops bleeding, cures anaemia, regulates circulation or blood pressure, or eases joint pain; blood pressure and anaemia are for a doctor to treat; the iron in the stone is not absorbed through the skin. Controlled studies of magnetic bracelets have found no effect on pain beyond placebo, and “magnetic hematite” is not natural hematite anyway.

Magnetite

The black iron mineral that sticks to a magnet: its naturally magnetised pieces were the first magnets people knew.

Magnetite

According to a belief dating back to antiquity, a lodestone placed under the pillow of a sleeping wife would reveal whether she was faithful.
In Eastern legends about Alexander the Great, lodestone was believed to protect against jinn and enchantment, and in the folk magic of the American South it was used as a charm to bring luck and love.
Today, magnetic bracelets and jewellery are claimed to relieve joint pain and rheumatism.
In Türkiye, companies selling magnetic bracelets, knee and back supports have claimed that these products help arthritis, joint pain and migraine, and even far more serious illnesses.

What science says A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials (Pittler and colleagues, 2007) found no evidence that magnets reduce pain more than a placebo. In Türkiye, the Ministry of Health also stated in 2011 that the medical benefits claimed for such magnetic-field products lack clinical studies and mislead consumers. People with pacemakers or similar medical devices should not carry strong magnets near the device.

Stibnite

The main ore of antimony: a soft, lead-grey mineral that grows long, striated, sword-like crystals with a metallic shine.

Stibnite

Since ancient Egypt, people in the Middle East and South Asia have believed that kohl applied to the eyes keeps them cool and clean, strengthens eyesight and wards off the evil eye.
In earlier centuries Europeans believed that antimony compounds cured many illnesses by making people vomit and “purging” the body; antimony pills were swallowed, recovered after passing through the body, washed and reused.
In Türkiye, religious accounts hold that “ismid” kohl, which the Prophet Muhammad is reported to have recommended (made from stibnite or galena), strengthens eyesight and lengthens the eyelashes.

What science says Antimony and its compounds are toxic, and antimony poisoning produces symptoms similar to arsenic poisoning. Stibnite or galena powder should never be put on the eyes or in the mouth, and the stone must never be soaked in water that is then drunk. Some traditional kohl sold in Türkiye may contain lead and should not be applied to the eyes, above all not to children’s.

Agate

The banded variety of chalcedony: it grows layer by layer in hollows in volcanic rock and shows a new pattern every time it is cut.

Agate

Medieval lapidaries, such as the writings of Marbodus, Bishop of Rennes, in the 11th century, held that agate made its wearer agreeable and persuasive and won them the favour of God.
In earlier centuries in Europe, wearing agate was believed to cure sleeplessness and bring pleasant dreams.
In 19th-century Sudan, brown or black “eye” agates with a white ring in the centre were believed to guard against the evil eye; most of these amulets were cut in the workshops of Idar-Oberstein in Germany.
In the Islamic world, based on the tradition that the Prophet Muhammad wore a seal ring set with an ʿaqīq stone, ʿaqīq rings (agate, usually red carnelian) are believed to protect their wearer from evil and envy.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and some religious publications attribute to the Prophet Muhammad the saying “whoever wears an agate ring will not be poor” and claim that agate increases provision and blessing.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy sites claim that agate speeds up blood circulation and eases stomach and bowel complaints.

What science says Agate is a chemically inert form of quartz made of silica; there is no scientific evidence that it improves sleep, protects against the evil eye or envy, speeds up circulation or helps any illness; if symptoms persist, the remedy is a doctor, not a stone. The “eye” pattern is simply concentric silica bands that look like rings where the stone is cut. The saying “whoever wears an agate ring will not be poor” is attributed to the Prophet, but hadith scholars do not regard it as reliable.

Amethyst

The purple variety of quartz, coloured by traces of iron working together with natural radiation.

Amethyst

The ancient Greeks believed amethyst prevented drunkenness; the stone’s name comes from the Greek amethystos, meaning “not drunk”.
In a book on stones published in 1502, the Italian writer Camillo Leonardi wrote that amethyst kept away evil thoughts and sharpened the intelligence.
Today crystal-therapy practitioners claim that amethyst is calming and helps with sleep and with coping with stress.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy sites say that amethyst opens the crown chakra, deepens meditation and shields against “negative energy”.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy sites claim that amethyst relieves headaches and tiredness and strengthens the immune system.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that amethyst prevents drunkenness or improves sleep; there is no evidence either that it relieves headaches, strengthens the immune system or “opens” a chakra; persistent sleeplessness, anxiety or headaches call for a doctor. According to the mineralogist George F. Kunz, the drunkenness belief may have arisen because water poured into a cup carved from a reddish stone looks like wine, yet whoever drinks it stays sober.

Garnet

Not one mineral but a large family: best known for its reds, garnet turns up everywhere from sandpaper to fine jewellery.

Garnet

Red stones such as garnet, whose colour recalls blood, were believed to protect the wearer from wounds.
In the Middle Ages, the red stones called “carbuncles” (garnet and ruby) were believed to shine in the dark with their own light.
Garnet, the birthstone of January, is believed to bring constancy and friendship to those born in that month.
In Turkey, stone sellers and some news websites write that garnet gives energy, eases stress and pain, and helps heart conditions and hormone balance.
The same sources say garnet strengthens memory, helps in exams and gives self-confidence.

What science says Garnet does not shine with its own light; it only reflects the light that falls on it, and tales of “carbuncles glowing in the dark” are legend. There is no evidence that garnet protects against wounds, brings constancy, or helps the heart, hormones or memory; someone with a heart condition should not leave treatment to a stone.

Labradorite

A dark grey feldspar that, seen from the right angle, flashes blue, green and gold all at once.

Labradorite

Modern crystal-therapy sources claim that labradorite “protects the aura”, strengthens intuition and offers support through times of change.
In Türkiye, some lifestyle websites and crystal-therapy sources claim that labradorite helps eyesight and night vision, joint pain, rheumatism and high blood pressure.
The same sources say labradorite calms the mind, reduces anxiety and stress, and boosts self-confidence.

What science says Labradorite's mysterious-looking flash is a physical effect: light interfering in extremely thin feldspar layers inside the stone. There is no scientific evidence that it strengthens intuition or protects anyone. The claimed benefits for eyes, joints or blood pressure are equally unproven; trusting the stone and putting off a visit to the doctor is the real risk.

Malachite

A copper mineral known for its light and dark green rings, used for thousands of years as a pigment, ornamental and jewellery stone.

Malachite

According to an old belief, malachite was a talisman especially suited to children: a piece tied to the cradle was thought to keep evil spirits away and let the baby sleep soundly.
In parts of Italy, malachite with eye-like markings was set in silver and carried as a “peacock stone” against the evil eye.
In some parts of Germany, malachite was believed to protect its wearer from falling and to warn of approaching disaster by breaking into pieces.
Modern crystal-therapy sources claim that malachite absorbs negative energy and the “radiation” from electronic devices.
In Türkiye, some lifestyle websites and crystal-therapy sources claim that malachite eases pain, muscle spasms, rheumatism, migraine, dizziness, and car and sea sickness.
The same sources say malachite calms the person, helps sleep, drives away feelings of guilt and fear and strengthens memory; it is also called the “joy stone”.

What science says Malachite is a copper mineral: do not put it in water to make “gem water” or an “elixir”, never soak it in acidic drinks such as lemon water or vinegar, and do not put it in your mouth; acid dissolves malachite and releases copper into the liquid. There is no evidence that malachite absorbs electromagnetic waves from devices, and the claims that it relieves pain or migraine, cures insomnia or improves memory are equally unproven.

Onyx

Chalcedony with straight black and white bands. Most souvenirs sold as “onyx” in Türkiye, however, are really banded calcite.

Onyx

In the Middle Ages and in Arabic tradition onyx was believed to bring sadness, frightening dreams and quarrels; its Arabic name was also said to mean “sadness”.
In India, onyx worn around the neck was reportedly believed to cool the passions of love, and onyx was accordingly thought to drive lovers apart.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that onyx eases pain and migraine, speeds up the healing of broken bones, strengthens immunity and helps sleep, and reduces stress and depression.
The same websites say onyx protects against the evil eye and negative energy, gives confidence and patience and brings balance to relationships, the opposite of the bad-luck belief in the old sources.

What science says There is no basis for the idea that onyx brings bad luck or affects the emotions; the belief may have arisen from the stark contrast between its black and white layers. Onyx is a chemically resistant member of the quartz family with no known toxicity. There is also no evidence that it affects pain, migraine, immunity or the healing of a fracture; broken bones and lasting pain need a doctor.

Tiger's eye

A golden-brown stone with a silky band of light gliding across it, born from quartz and fine asbestos fibres growing together.

Tiger's eye

Because its band of light resembles an eye, tiger's eye, like other cat's-eye stones, is believed to protect against the evil eye.
Today crystal healing practitioners claim that tiger's eye gives self-confidence and courage and strengthens determination.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that tiger's eye improves focus, makes decisions easier and acts as a shield against negative energies.
The same sources say that tiger's eye helps headaches, migraines and stomach and digestive problems, and prevents children’s nightmares.

What science says The eye-like shimmer of tiger's eye is a physical effect caused by parallel fibres reflecting light; there is no evidence that the stone has any protective power. Rough tiger's eye contains asbestos fibres, so it should not be cut or sanded at home. The stone has not been shown to relieve headaches, migraines or digestive problems; lasting complaints call for a doctor.

Zircon

One of Earth’s oldest witnesses: a natural mineral with 4.4-billion-year-old grains and a diamond-like sparkle. Not to be confused with cubic zirconia!

Zircon

In medieval Europe, the yellowish-red stone called “jacinth” (hyacinth), an old name for zircon, was believed to protect travellers against the plague and injury and to ensure them a warm welcome at the inns they visited.
The same stone was also believed to protect its wearer from lightning and to bring sleep; in the 16th century the Italian physician Gerolamo Cardano wrote that the jacinth he wore “seemed to dispose somewhat to sleep”.
According to medieval accounts quoted by Kunz, the jacinth increased its owner’s riches and gave him prudence in conducting his affairs; it was also believed to grow pale and dull if its wearer or anyone near him fell ill with the plague.

What science says The names “jacinth” and “hyacinth” in old texts do not always mean zircon; they were also used for other stones such as sapphire and garnet. There is no evidence that zircon protects against lightning, epidemics or sleeplessness, or brings riches or prudence.

Amber

Tree resin fossilised over millions of years: a light, warm organic gem that sometimes holds prehistoric insects.

Amber

The Roman writer Pliny (1st century AD) reports that peasant women in northern Italy wore amber necklaces both as ornaments and because amber was believed to be good for disorders of the throat and tonsils.
According to Pliny, amber was also believed to benefit babies when hung on them as an amulet.
Today some sellers and parents believe that teething necklaces made of Baltic amber release succinic acid into the skin and ease babies’ teething pain.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy sites claim that an amber necklace worn at the neck helps with goitre, thyroid inflammation, asthma and bronchitis.
In Türkiye, sellers of amber prayer beads and jewellery say that amber gives off “negative ions” when it touches the skin and soothes stress and anxiety.

What science says A laboratory study published in 2019 showed that amber beads do not release succinic acid at body temperature in amounts that could be absorbed through the skin, and that succinic acid has no anti-inflammatory effect at such levels. Teething necklaces, meanwhile, carry serious risks of choking and strangulation for babies; the FDA recommends not using them. There is likewise no evidence that amber cures goitre, thyroid disease, asthma or bronchitis; delaying treatment for these conditions can make them worse, so a doctor should be consulted. There is no measurable evidence either that amber gives off “negative ions”.

Aquamarine

The blue member of the beryl family, named after seawater: often found as large, clear, nearly flawless crystals.

Aquamarine

A Greek lapidary thought to date from the 3rd or 4th century AD records the belief that a sea-green beryl (most likely aquamarine), set in one of the amulets worn by sailors, banished fear.
Today crystal-therapy practitioners claim that aquamarine is calming and makes it easier to express oneself.
In Türkiye, crystal-therapy sites and some news sites say that aquamarine is in tune with the throat chakra and helps with thyroid problems and sore throats.
The same sources treat aquamarine as a symbol of fidelity and trust in relationships and recommend it as an engagement or anniversary gift for a happy marriage.

What science says These beliefs draw largely on the stone’s seawater colour and its name; there is no scientific evidence that aquamarine reduces fear or anxiety, helps with throat or thyroid complaints or strengthens a chakra; a doctor should be consulted if a sore throat or thyroid symptoms persist. Its role as a symbol of fidelity comes from the tradition of giving gifts, not from the stone.

Coral

The red limestone skeleton of tiny deep-sea animals: an organic gem that grows so slowly it needs protecting.

Coral

In ancient Rome, branches of coral hung around children’s necks were believed to protect them from dangers from outside.
In Italy, red coral is believed to protect against the evil eye and spells; for this it was thought that the coral should be unworked and worn where it would be clearly seen.
In medieval and Renaissance Europe, red coral was believed to turn pale when its wearer fell ill or was about to.
Some news and stone-selling websites in Türkiye claim that coral eases anxiety, strengthens love and communication, activates life energy and protects against bad energy.

What science says Coral does not change colour with the wearer’s health; its red and pink colours come from carotenoid pigments in the skeleton. Being calcite, coral can lose its polish through contact with acids and cosmetics, and there is no scientific evidence that it protects against the evil eye or danger, eases anxiety or boosts love and energy.

Jade

Really a shared name for two stones: nephrite and jadeite, extremely tough materials used for tools, jewellery and art for thousands of years.

Jade

In the 16th century the Spaniards reported to Europe that the peoples of Central America used jade against pains in the side and kidneys; the names “jade” (from the Spanish piedra de ijada, “stone of the side”) and “nephrite” (from the Greek nephros, “kidney”) come from this belief.
In China, carrying jade and handling it was believed to pass the stone’s virtue into the body; padlock-shaped jade amulets hung around children’s necks were thought to protect them from illness.
In ancient China, tomb jades such as the “mouth jade” placed in the mouths of the dead were believed to protect the deceased.
Today jade rollers used for facial massage are claimed to firm and rejuvenate the skin.
In Turkey some newspapers and news websites write that jade has beneficial effects on the kidneys (citing Chinese medicine), brings physical balance and increases patience and tolerance.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that jade cures kidney disease, rejuvenates the skin, gives physical balance or increases patience, and someone with kidney trouble should not leave treatment to a stone. According to Kunz, the Spaniards who spread the kidney belief in Europe may even have invented it to raise the value of the stone. The brief cooling effect of a roller massage can be had from any cold, smooth surface, and some rollers sold as “jade” are not real jade at all.

Lapis lazuli

A midnight-blue rock flecked with gold, used for thousands of years in seals, jewellery and painters' ultramarine.

Lapis lazuli

In ancient Egypt, amulets believed to protect the heart were made of lapis lazuli and engraved with particular chapters of the Book of the Dead; lapis amulets in the form of an eye, decorated with gold, were also thought to be very powerful.
Old books on stones held that lapis cured melancholy and fevers that returned every few days.
Modern crystal-therapy sources claim that lapis is linked to the “throat chakra” and strengthens communication and wisdom.
In Türkiye, some lifestyle websites and crystal-therapy sources claim that lapis lazuli strengthens memory and brings mental clarity for better decisions.
The same sources say lapis reduces stress, boosts self-confidence, helps kidney and bone pain and, when carried against the skin, helps anxiety-related insomnia.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that lapis has any effect on melancholy, fevers, communication, memory, kidney and bone pain, stress or insomnia. Lasting anxiety or sleeplessness is a medical problem; do not put off seeing a doctor because of a stone. Because some lapis on the market is dyed, the dye can leach out when the stone is left in water; do not make “gem water” with it, and do not put the stone or its powder in your mouth.

Oltu stone

Erzurum’s black treasure: a kind of jet made from coalified wood, famous for its prayer beads.

Oltu stone

In Türkiye, people who tell Oltu stone prayer beads are believed to discharge the static electricity built up in their bodies and so get rid of stress.
In Roman times jet was used in amulets and pendants believed to protect against the evil eye.
The Roman writer Pliny wrote that the smoke of burning jet drove snakes away.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and some lifestyle websites say that Oltu stone reduces stress and anger, eases symptoms of depression, gives confidence and courage, and helps forgetfulness.
The same sources claim that the stone helps migraine, throat and thyroid complaints and hair loss, and acts as an “antiseptic” that prevents infections.

What science says Oltu stone is an electrical insulator, which is exactly why it becomes charged when rubbed; it cannot “draw off” static electricity from the body. If telling prayer beads has a calming effect, it does not depend on what the beads are made of. No study shows that Oltu stone helps depression, migraine, the thyroid or infections either; see a doctor for these.

Mineraloid

Opal

Water-bearing silica with no crystal structure: in precious opal, tiny stacked spheres split light into flashes of rainbow colour.

Opal

In the Middle Ages opal was believed to cure eye diseases and to make its wearer invisible, which is why it was also called the “patron of thieves”.
The ancient Greeks are said to have believed that opal gave its owner the gift of prophecy and guarded them from disease.
Modern crystal-therapy sources claim that opal intensifies emotions and boosts creativity.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites say that opal helps eyesight, joint pain and kidney complaints, strengthens immunity and flushes heavy metals and poisons out of the body; it is also popularly known there as the “antidote stone”.
The same websites claim that opal reduces stress, gives self-confidence and creativity, and instils hope and love.

What science says Opal's colours come from tiny silica spheres diffracting light; there is no evidence that it heals the eyes or protects against disease. Eye complaints call for an eye doctor. The claims that opal helps kidney or joint problems or removes heavy metals and poisons from the body are equally unproven; against real poisoning the stone offers no protection, and medical help must be sought at once. Because some opals absorb water, soaking them to make “gem water” can also damage the stone.

Peridot

A green gem from deep inside the Earth, and very rarely from space: the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine.

Peridot

Old beliefs that linked peridot with light and the sun held that it protected its owner from “terrors of the night”, meaning nightmares and fears, especially when set in gold.
According to an old belief, to guard against evil spirits a peridot was pierced, strung on the hair of a donkey and tied to the left arm.
Today crystal healing practitioners claim that peridot soothes emotions such as jealousy and anger and brings abundance and good luck.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that peridot, sold there as “zebercet”, balances the heart chakra, cleanses the body and eases stomach and digestive problems.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that peridot prevents nightmares or affects emotions. According to George F. Kunz, these beliefs grew out of the stone’s association with the sun, which drives away darkness. There is no evidence that peridot helps the stomach, digestion or heart, or that it “cleanses” the body.

Silver

The best conductor of electricity and heat of all metals; in nature it sometimes grows pure, as curling wires.

Silver

A popular belief holds that silver jewellery turning dark is a sign of the evil eye or of an illness in the body.
In European folklore silver was believed to protect against evil, and creatures such as werewolves, witches and vampires could only be defeated with silver, for example a silver bullet.
Some people drink “colloidal silver” in the belief that it kills germs; such products are claimed to strengthen immunity and cure many illnesses.
In Turkey, some news and health websites write that “silver water” is used for complaints such as sinusitis, ear infections, pneumonia, eczema and acne.

What science says Silver tarnish is a chemical reaction with sulfur compounds from the skin and the air (sweat, eggs, cosmetics, polluted air); it has nothing to do with the evil eye or illness. Silver ions really do kill germs and are used in some wound dressings, but drinking colloidal silver has not been shown to cure any disease, and according to the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) long-term use can turn the skin bluish-grey, usually permanently (argyria). Silver water has not been shown to cure sinusitis, pneumonia or skin diseases; taking it by mouth carries a risk of argyria and it does not replace treatment for illness.

Topaz

The reference mineral for 8 on the Mohs scale: a hard, brilliant gem whose blue colour is almost always added by people.

Topaz

In the 12th century, Hildegard of Bingen wrote that gently moistening the eyes with a topaz that had been steeped in wine for three days would cure dim vision.
In Renaissance Europe people believed that topaz could break magic spells and calm anger.
According to GIA, many people in India have long believed that topaz worn above the heart brings long life, beauty and intelligence.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that topaz brings luck, plenty and money and strengthens creativity and self-expression.
The same sources also say that blue topaz opens the throat chakra, reduces stress and regulates digestion and metabolism.

What science says In old texts the name “topaz” often referred not to today's topaz but to greenish peridot or other yellow stones, so it is unclear which stone these beliefs even belong to. Never put stones, or a liquid a stone has soaked in, on the eyes; anyone with vision problems should see an eye doctor. Topaz has not been shown to bring luck or money or to regulate digestion and metabolism, and it is worth remembering that the colour of most blue topaz on the market is produced by irradiation and heat treatment.

Turquoise

A blue-green copper aluminium phosphate whose name means “Turkish stone”, prized as an ornamental stone for thousands of years.

Turquoise

In 13th-century European lapidaries, turquoise was believed to protect its wearer from injury in falls, especially from horseback; the Turks are said to have attached these stones to their horses’ bridles.
In Anatolia and the Middle East, turquoise is believed to protect against the evil eye, which is why it is worn in rings, earrings and amulets.
For a long time Europeans believed that turquoise lost its colour when its owner fell ill or was about to meet misfortune.
Today crystal healing practitioners claim that turquoise is protective and strengthens communication.
In Türkiye, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that turquoise brings luck, drives away negative energy, speeds up blood flow and protects against heart disease.

What science says The colour of turquoise changes not with its owner's health or fate but with the sweat, oils and cosmetics that seep into its porous structure, which is why its blue can turn green over time. There is no scientific evidence that the stone has any protective power; nor has turquoise been shown to speed up blood flow or protect against heart disease, and a doctor’s advice should be followed for heart health.

Pearl

An organic gem that grows layer by layer inside oysters and mussels and glows without any cutting or polishing.

Pearl

In traditional Chinese medicine, ground pearl powder is used as a medicine and beauty product and is believed to improve the skin and calm the mind.
In Ayurveda, India’s traditional medicine, pearl powder is claimed to stimulate digestion and to treat mental ailments.
In some folk beliefs pearls stand for tears, and a bride who wears pearls on her wedding day is believed to bring tears into her marriage.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that pearl is tied to the moon, brings emotional balance, strengthens the nervous system and reduces stress and anxiety.

What science says Pearl is mostly calcium carbonate, chemically the same substance as chalk and limestone; there is no scientific evidence that pearl powder does anything an ordinary calcium source does not. Nor is there any basis for the belief that pearls bring tears or bad luck. No study supports the sellers' claim that pearl strengthens the nervous system or reduces stress; the good feeling a pearl necklace gives comes from wearing a beautiful object.

Emerald

Beryl turned green by chromium and vanadium: the world's most famous green gem, almost always full of inclusions.

Emerald

Pliny wrote that emerald refreshes tired eyes; Roman gem engravers are said to have kept emeralds on their workbenches to rest their eyes.
From the Middle Ages to the 17th century, European and Arab writers believed emerald was an antidote to poison and cured epilepsy and dysentery.
Emerald was believed to reveal the future and expose lies; a magician was thought to be powerless while an emerald was nearby.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that emerald opens the “heart chakra”, strengthens love and fidelity, and benefits the heart and nervous system.
The same sources say emerald brings plenty and prosperity and is lucky for people born in May; emerald really is the modern birthstone for May.

What science says Looking at something green may rest the eyes, but that is not special to emerald; there is no evidence that emerald cures poisoning, epilepsy, heart or nerve disorders or eye disease. The “chakra” and “prosperity” claims cannot be measured; they are a tradition that comes from linking the colour green and the stone’s value with love and plenty. Swallowing powdered emerald, as old remedies prescribed, can be harmful because of its hard, sharp fragments.

Ruby

Corundum coloured red by chromium: one of the world's most famous gems, able to glow red under ultraviolet light.

Ruby

Old Hindu treatises on gems called ruby the “king of precious stones” (ratnaraj), and the owner of a flawless ruby was believed to be safe even among enemies.
A 14th-century text attributed to Sir John Mandeville held that a brilliant ruby protected its owner from all perils and guarded his house and vineyards from storms.
In Myanmar (Burma), a ruby inserted under the skin was believed to make its owner invulnerable to spear, sword and gun.
In Hindu astrology ruby is the stone of the Sun, and it is still recommended as a ring stone in the belief that it strengthens the Sun’s influence.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that ruby is good for the heart and blood circulation and gives courage, passion and energy.

What science says There is no evidence that ruby has any protective power or makes anyone invulnerable; these beliefs largely grew out of its fiery, blood-red colour. Practices such as inserting a stone under the skin carry a serious risk of infection. No study shows that ruby helps the heart or circulation or gives anyone courage or energy either.

Sapphire

Corundum in almost any colour except red; the most famous is the blue sapphire, coloured by iron and titanium.

Sapphire

According to the ancient writer Damigeron, kings wore sapphire around their necks in the belief that it guarded them from harm and envy and won them divine favour.
In the Middle Ages sapphire was believed to neutralise poison, cleanse the eyes and protect the sight.
In Hindu astrology blue sapphire is the stone of Saturn; because it is believed to bring great fortune to some and disaster to others, people are advised to wear it on trial for a few days first.
In Turkey, stone sellers and crystal-therapy websites claim that sapphire calms the mind, sharpens focus and wisdom and helps with insomnia.

What science says There is no scientific evidence that sapphire neutralises poison or improves eyesight; corundum is extremely resistant chemically and releases nothing into water or the body. Eye complaints call for an eye doctor. No study shows that sapphire calms the mind, improves focus or cures insomnia either; lasting insomnia calls for a doctor.

Mineraloid

Obsidian

Nature’s volcanic glass — the shiny black stone that gave the Stone Age its sharpest blades.

Obsidian

The Aztecs believed that polished obsidian mirrors showed visions and foretold the future; such mirrors were associated with Tezcatlipoca, god of sorcery, whose name means “Smoking Mirror”.
The 16th-century English scholar John Dee is said to have used an obsidian mirror brought to Europe from Mexico to communicate with spirits.
Modern crystal-therapy sources claim that obsidian shields people from negative energy and “absorbs” it.
In Türkiye, some lifestyle websites present obsidian as a “powerful protection stone”, saying it forms a shield against negative energy and clears the mind when making decisions.

What science says Staring into a dark, shiny surface for a long time can make the brain see images of its own making; there is no evidence that an obsidian mirror shows the future or that the stone protects anyone. The edges of raw or broken obsidian are razor-sharp, so such pieces should not be rubbed over the skin.

Conglomerate

A fossilised gravel bed: rounded pebbles from ancient rivers and beaches held together by natural cement.

Conglomerate

In Hertfordshire, England, the flint-pebble conglomerate known as “puddingstone” was believed to protect against witchcraft; in 1662 a piece of it was reportedly laid on the coffin of a woman suspected of witchcraft to stop her escaping from the grave.
In the same area these stones were believed to multiply by themselves, which is why they were also called “grow stones” or “breeding stones”.

What science says Conglomerate does not grow or multiply: its pebbles were laid down in a river or on a beach millions of years ago and stuck together by a natural cement. Nor is there any evidence that the stone protects against witchcraft.

Everyday name

Evil eye bead

The evil eye bead is not a stone but glass: an eye-shaped amulet built up from coloured layers of glass, still handmade in traditional workshops near İzmir.

Evil eye bead

In Anatolia and around the Mediterranean, the bead is believed to protect its wearer by drawing upon itself the “evil eye” of envious or malicious looks; that is why it is pinned to babies and hung in new homes, cars and shops.
According to folk belief, if the bead cracks or breaks, it has absorbed a very strong evil eye to protect its owner and should be replaced.
Blue is believed to be a shield against evil. One explanation is that the belief arose because blue-eyed people, rare in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, were thought to cast the evil eye.

What science says Protection against the evil eye is not a claim science can test but a deep-rooted cultural belief, and the bead lives on as a harmless and much-loved tradition. A bead cracks because of internal stresses in the glass, temperature changes or knocks. An evil eye bead should never replace real safety precautions for babies and children; small beads can be a choking hazard if they end up in a baby’s mouth.

Meteorite

Iron meteorite

Masses of iron–nickel from the cores of shattered asteroids that reveal a unique crystal pattern when etched with acid.

Iron meteorite

The Clackamas people of Oregon in the USA and their descendants hold the Willamette iron meteorite, which they call Tomanowos, sacred; warriors believed that dipping their arrows in the rainwater collected in its hollows would bring success in battle.
Today some sellers claim that meteorite fragments carry a special power “from space” and protect their wearer.

What science says There is no evidence that meteorites give their owners power or protection; their scientific value lies in the information they carry about the earliest Solar System. Some pieces sold as “meteorites” are slag or industrial iron, so specimens from a reliable source with an official record are preferable.